Review Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022 Sep:188:114416. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114416. Epub 2022 Jul 3. The role of lipid components in lipid nanoparticles for vaccines and gene therapy Abstract Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) play an important role in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. In addition, many preclinical and clinical studies, including the siRNA-LNP product, Onpattro®, highlight that LNPs unlock the potential of nucleic acid-based therapies and vaccines. To understand what is key to the success of LNPs, we need to understand the role of the building blocks that constitute them. In this Review, we discuss what each lipid component adds to the LNP delivery platform in terms of size, structure, stability, apparent pKa, nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape. To explore this, we present findings from the liposome field as well as from landmark and recent articles in the LNP literature. We also discuss challenges and strategies related to in vitro/in vivo studies of LNPs based on fluorescence readouts, immunogenicity/reactogenicity, and LNP delivery beyond the liver. How these fundamental challenges are pursued, including what lipid components are added and combined, will likely determine the scope of LNP-based gene therapies and vaccines for treating various diseases. Keywords: Drug delivery; Helper lipid; Ionizable lipid; LNP; Lipid nanoparticles; Nucleic acid; PEGylated lipid; Physicochemical properties; Targeting; pK(a). For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

Review Acc Chem Res. 2022 Jan 4;55(1):2-12. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00544. Epub 2021 Dec 1. Chemistry of Lipid Nanoparticles for RNA Delivery Abstract Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a type of lipid vesicles that possess a homogeneous lipid core. These vesicles are widely used in small-molecule drug and nucleic acid delivery and recently gained much attention because of their remarkable success as a delivery platform for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Nonetheless, the utility of transient protein expression induced by mRNA extends far beyond vaccines against infectious diseases─they also hold promise as cancer vaccines, protein replacement therapies, and gene editing components for rare genetic diseases. However, naked mRNA is inherently unstable and prone to rapid degradation by nucleases and self-hydrolysis. Encapsulation of mRNA within LNPs protects mRNA from extracellular ribonucleases and assists with intracellular mRNA delivery.In this Account, we discuss the core features of LNPs for RNA delivery. We focus our attention on LNPs designed to deliver mRNA; however, we also include examples of siRNA-LNP delivery where appropriate to highlight the commonalities and the dissimilarities due to the nucleic acid structure. First, we introduce the concept of LNPs, the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, and the general reasoning behind the molecular makeup of LNPs. We also briefly highlight the most recent clinical successes of LNP-based nucleic acid therapies. Second, we describe the theory and methods of LNP self-assembly. The common idea behind all of the preparation methods is inducing electrostatic interactions between the nucleic acid and charged lipids and promoting nanoparticle growth via hydrophobic interactions. Third, we break down the LNP composition with special attention to the fundamental properties and purposes of each component. This includes the identified molecular design criteria, commercial sourcing, impact on intracellular trafficking, and contribution to the properties of LNPs. One of the key components of LNPs is ionizable lipids, which initiate electrostatic binding with endosomal membranes and facilitate cytosolic release; however, the roles of other lipid components should not be disregarded, as they are associated with stability, clearance, and distribution of LNPs. Fourth, we review the attributes of LNP constructs as a whole that can heavily influence RNA delivery. These attributes are LNP size, charge, internal structure, lipid packing, lipid membrane hydration, stability, and affinity toward biomacromolecules. We also discuss the specific techniques used to examine these attributes and how they can be adjusted. Finally, we offer our perspective on the future of RNA therapies and some questions that remain in the realm of LNP formulation and optimization. For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: ...

Review Research (Wash D C). 2024 Jun 18:7:0370. doi: 10.34133/research.0370. eCollection 2024. Unlocking the Therapeutic Applicability of LNP-mRNA: Chemistry, Formulation, and Clinical Strategies Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as an innovative therapeutic modality, offering promising avenues for the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases. The tremendous success of mRNA vaccines in effectively combatting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) evidences the unlimited medical and therapeutic potential of mRNA technology. Overcoming challenges related to mRNA stability, immunogenicity, and precision targeting has been made possible by recent advancements in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). This review summarizes state-of-the-art LNP-mRNA-based therapeutics, including their structure, material compositions, design guidelines, and screening principles. Additionally, we highlight current preclinical and clinical trends in LNP-mRNA therapeutics in a broad range of treatments in ophthalmological conditions, cancer immunotherapy, gene editing, and rare-disease medicine. Particular attention is given to the translation and evolution of LNP-mRNA vaccines into a broader spectrum of therapeutics. We explore concerns in the aspects of inadequate extrahepatic targeting efficacy, elevated doses, safety concerns, and challenges of large-scale production procedures. This discussion may offer insights and perspectives on near- and long-term clinical development prospects for LNP-mRNA therapeutics. For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

J Control Release. 2022 Aug:348:34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.042. Epub 2022 Jun 1. Focused ultrasound/microbubbles-assisted BBB opening enhances LNP-mediated mRNA delivery to brain Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) medicine has become a new therapeutic approach owing to the progress in mRNA delivery technology, especially with lipid nanoparticles (LNP). However, mRNA encapsulated-LNP (mRNA-LNP) cannot spontaneously cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which prevents the expression of foreign proteins in the brain. Microbubble-assisted focused ultrasound (FUS) BBB opening is an emerging technology that can transiently enhance BBB permeability. In this study, FUS/microbubble-assisted BBB opening was investigated for the intravenous delivery of mRNA-LNP to the brain. The intensity of FUS irradiation was optimized to 1.5 kW/cm2, at which BBB opening occurred efficiently without hemorrhage or edema. Exogenous protein (luciferase) expression by mRNA-LNP, specifically at the FUS-irradiated side of the brain, occurred only when FUS and microbubbles were applied. This exogenous protein expression was faster but shorter than that of plasmid DNA delivery. Furthermore, foreign protein expression was observed in the microglia, along with CD31-positive endothelial cells, whereas no expression was observed in astrocytes or neurons. These results support the addition of mRNA-LNP to the lineup of nanoparticles delivered by BBB opening. Keywords: Blood-brain barrier (BBB); Focused ultrasound (FUS); Lipid nanoparticles (LNP); Messenger RNA (mRNA); Microbubble. For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

Mol Ther. 2022 Sep 7;30(9):3078-3094.   doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.007.   Epub 2022 Jul 12. mRNA-LNP vaccines tuned for systemic immunization induce strong antitumor immunity by engaging splenic immune cells Abstract mRNA vaccines have recently proved to be highly effective against SARS-CoV-2.   Key to their success is the lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP), which enables efficient mRNA expression and endows the vaccine with adjuvant properties that drive potent antibody responses.   Effective cancer vaccines require long-lived, qualitative CD8 T cell responses instead of antibody responses.   Systemic vaccination appears to be the most effective route, but necessitates adaptation of LNP composition to deliver mRNA to antigen-presenting cells.   Using a design-of-experiments methodology, we tailored mRNA-LNP compositions to achieve high-magnitude tumor-specific CD8 T cell responses within a single round of optimization.   Optimized LNP compositions resulted in enhanced mRNA uptake by multiple splenic immune cell populations.   Type I interferon and phagocytes were found to be essential for the T cell response.   Surprisingly, we also discovered a yet unidentified role of B cells in stimulating the vaccine-elicited CD8 T cell response.   Optimized LNPs displayed a similar, spleen-centered biodistribution profile in non-human primates and did not trigger histopathological changes in liver and spleen, warranting their further assessment in clinical studies.   Taken together, our study clarifies the relationship between nanoparticle composition and their T cell stimulatory capacity and provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of effective mRNA-LNP-based antitumor immunotherapy. Keywords: LNP;   cancer;   design-of-experiments methodology;   extrahepatic delivery;   immunotherapy;   mRNA;   vaccination. Excipient for DNA/RNA Delivery Lipid For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

Review J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Jun 14;20(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01478-7. Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological and pharmacological aspects Abstract In the last decade, the development of messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics by lipid nanoparticles (LNP) leads to facilitate clinical trial recruitment, which improves the efficacy of treatment modality to a large extent. Although mRNA-LNP vaccine platforms for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated high efficiency, safety and adverse effects challenges due to the uncontrolled immune responses and inappropriate pharmacological interventions could limit this tremendous efficacy. The current study reveals the interplay of immune responses with LNP compositions and characterization and clarifies the interaction of mRNA-LNP therapeutics with dendritic, macrophages, neutrophile cells, and complement. Then, pharmacological profiles for mRNA-LNP delivery, including pharmacokinetics and cellular trafficking, were discussed in detail in cancer types and infectious diseases. This review study opens a new and vital landscape to improve multidisciplinary therapeutics on mRNA-LNP through modulation of immunopharmacological responses in clinical trials. Keywords: Dendritic cell; Immune system; Immunogenicity; Lipid nanoparticles; Pharmacologic response; Toll-like receptor; mRNA delivery. Excipient for DNA/RNA Delivery Lipid For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

Review Adv Mater. 2023 Dec;35(51):e2303261. doi: 10.1002/adma.202303261. Epub 2023 Nov 1. Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Enables mRNA Delivery for Cancer Therapy Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) has received great attention in the prevention and treatment of various diseases due to the success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines (Comirnaty and Spikevax). To meet the therapeutic purpose, it is required that mRNA must enter the target cells and express sufficient proteins. Therefore, the development of effective delivery systems is necessary and crucial. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) represents a remarkable vehicle that has indeed accelerated mRNA applications in humans, as several mRNA-based therapies have already been approved or are in clinical trials. In this review, the focus is on mRNA-LNP-mediated anticancer therapy. It summarizes the main development strategies of mRNA-LNP formulations, discusses representative therapeutic approaches in cancer, and points out current challenges and possible future directions of this research field. It is hoped that these delivered messages can help further improve the application of mRNA-LNP technology in cancer therapy. Keywords: cancer therapy; lipid nanoparticles; mRNA delivery; mRNA therapeutics. For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com

Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 3;23(19):11707. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911707. PEG2-Induced Pyroptosis Regulates the Expression of HMGB1 and Promotes hEM15A Migration in Endometriosis Abstract Endometriosis (EMS) is a common gynecological disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which induces chronic pelvic inflammation and cell pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death based on inflammasome activation, are involved in EMS, but the extent of their involvement and roles remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate PGE2-induced pyroptosis in EMS and the influence of PGE2 in EMS progression. Using western blotting, it was found that the expressions of PGE2 and pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18) were higher in EMS tissues than in normal endometrial tissues. The levels of PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the serum of patients with EMS and cell culture fluids were also detected. Using the transwell assay, we verified that PGE2 promoted hEM15A migration via the NLRP3/caspase-1 pyroptotic pathway, and PGE2-induced pyroptosis upregulated the expressions of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), E-cadherin, and vimentin. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that PGE2-induced pyroptosis contributed to EMS invasion. These results suggest that PGE2-induced pyroptosis affects the progression of EMS by changing the migration ability of pyroptotic cells and upregulating the expression of HMGB1, E-cadherin, and vimentin. Our findings provide crucial evidence for new treatment pathways and use of anti-inflammatory drugs in EMS. Keywords: PGE2; cell migration; endometriosis; pyroptosis. For more product information, please contact us at: US Tel: 1-844-782-5734 US Tel: 1-844-QUAL-PEG CHN Tel: 400-918-9898 Email: sales@sinopeg.com